Cupping treatment

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Modern Cupping

During the 20th century, new glass cups were developed Figure 1).  Common drinking glasses have been used for this purpose, but thick glass cupping devices have also been produced and are preferred.  The introduction of glass cups helped greatly, since the pottery cups broke very easily and the bamboo cups would deteriorate with repeated heating.  Glass cups were easier to make than the brass or iron cups that were sometimes used as sturdy substitutes for the others; further, one could see the skin within the cup and evaluate the degree of response. 

The glass cups are depressurized by providing some fire in the cup to heat up the air within just prior to placement.  For example, hold a cotton ball dipped in alcohol with a pincer, ignite it, hold it in the cup, then rapidly apply to the skin; this is called shanhuofa (flash-fire cupping; small amount alcohol is put in the cup and lit; this method is called dijiufa (alcohol-fire cupping).

At the end of the 20th century, another method of suction was developed in which a valve was constructed at the top of the jar and a small hand-operated pump is attached so that the practitioner could suction out air without relying on fire (thus avoiding some hazards and having greater control over the amount of suction).  Both glass and plastic cups were developed, though the plastic ones are not very well suited to moving along the skin once in place, as the edges are not entirely smooth and the strength of the cups is limited.  The modern name for cupping is baguanfa (suction cup therapy).

In order to allow easy movement of the glass cups along the skin, some oil is applied.  Medicated massage oils (with extracts of herbs) are particularly useful for this purpose.  Since the cups are applied at room temperature, the indication of removing cold from the channels is no longer as applicable, at least to stationary cups.  There is some friction generated with moving cups, so that there is a small but significant amount of heat applied by that method, especially if a warming oil is used as lubricant.

Generally, the cup is left in place for about 10 minutes (typical range is 5-15 minutes).  The skin becomes reddened due to the congestion of blood flow.  The cup is removed by pressing the skin along side it to allow some outside air to leak into it, thus equalizing the pressure and releasing it.  Some bruising along the site of the rim of the cup is expected.

Today, cupping is mainly recommended for the treatment of pain, gastro-intestinal disorders, lung diseases (especially chronic cough and asthma), and paralysis, though it can be used for other disorders as well.  The areas of the body that are fleshy are preferred sites for cupping.  Contraindications for cupping include: areas of skin that are inflamed; cases of high fever, convulsions or cramping, or easy bleeding (i.e., pathological level of low platelets); or the abdominal area or lower back during pregnancy.  Movement of the cups is limited to fleshy areas: the movement should not cross bony ridges, such as the spine.  Following are some of the recommended treatment sites for various disorders.

Respiratory Diseases

For chronic bronchitis and asthma, one can apply cupping at the following points: dingchuan, dazhui (GV-14), shenzhu (GV-12), geshu (BL-17), xinshu (BL-15), jueyinshu (BL-14), feishu (BL-13), fengmen (BL-12), dashu (BL-11), tiantu (CV-22), shanzhong (CV-17), huagai (CV-20), and zhongfu (LU-1).   [see: Acupuncture treatment of asthma for more information about several of these treatment sites].

For pediatric bronchitis: blood letting followed by cupping at dazhui (GV-14).

For pediatric acute bronchitis: feishu (BL-13), shenchang (KI-25), lingxu (KI-24).

Digestive Diseases

For dysentery, early morning diarrhea, and acute and chronic gastritis, perform cupping in the following areas: around the navel; at the bladder meridian shu points; or these stomach meridian points: burong (ST-19), guanmen (ST-22), huaroumen (ST-24), tianshu (ST-25).

Pediatric indigestion: dachangshu (BL-25).

Pain Syndromes

Shoulder blade: jianwaishu (SI-14) and tianzhong (SI-11).

Loins: shenshu (BL-23), qihaishu (BL-24), guanyuanshu (BL-26).

Head: taiyang and yintang for refractory headaches and migraines; dazhui (GV-14) and baihui (GV-20) for parietal and occipital headaches; for trigeminal neuralgia: qihu (ST-13), fengchi (GB-20), sizhukong (TB-23), jiache (ST-6); for toothache: dashu (BL-11), with acupuncture, massage, and cupping at yifeng (TB-17), jiache (ST-6), xiaguan (ST-7), and hegu (LI-4).

Soft tissue injury: treat local pressure pain points and area of swelling; use plum blossom needling followed by cupping; additionally or alternatively use points above or below the site of injury along the channels that pass through the injury.

Gynecological Disorders

Infertility and irregular menstruation: shenshu (BL-23) with movement of cup downward (treat with acupuncture first, then do cupping). 

Leukorrhea: yaoyan (extra point under the 3rd lumbar vertebra) and around baliao (BL-31 through BL-34).

Uterine cramps: needle zusanli (ST-36) and guanyuan (CV-4) and do cupping at guanyuan (CV-4).

Miscellaneous

Common cold: dazhui (GV-14).

Insomnia: xinshu (BL-15), geshu (BL-17), shenshu (BL-23).

Facial paralysis: needling and cupping dazhui (GV-14), along with needling local facial points.

RECENT RESEARCH:

The following protocols were reported to provide good results in individual clinical research reports:

Head pain (2): headache, toothache, sore throat, redness and soreness of the eyes, treated with blood letting followed by cupping.  Treatment is applied to dazhui (GV-14) and dingchuan.

Frozen shoulder (3): after acupuncture at jianyu (LI-15) and jianliao (TB-14) to get propagated qi reaction, use pricking of ashi points followed by cupping over the bleeding area for 10-15 minutes.  Ten treatments is a course of therapy.

Acute trigeminal neuralgia treating with blood letting followed by cupping (4): treatment is applied to dazhui (GV-14) and feishu (BL-13).

Acne (10): treatment is to use bloodletting followed by cupping at feishu (BL-13) and geshu (BL-17) on one day, then xinshu (BL-15) and ganshu (BL-18) the next day, alternating treatments for a total of eight days. 

Urticaria (11): perform cupping at shenque (CV-8) three times consecutively for ten minutes each time.  This is done for three days, followed by one day rest, and another three days as needed. 

f.Acute diseases (13): fever and headache due to infection, acute conjunctivitis, lumbar sprain; perform blood letting at dazhui (GV-14), and then cupping (which promotes further bleeding).

TREATMENT SUMMARY

Cupping therapies often follow the point selection pattern that is used for standard acupuncture therapy, with somewhat greater emphasis on the use of back points (due to the ease of performing this technique there).  In particular, most practitioners rely on using back shu points (bladder meridian) and dazhui (GV-14).  Cupping is frequently applied after treatment by acupuncture, blood letting, or plum blossom treatment.  March 1999